Birth Defects and Inherited Disorders
Written by Doc Team Friday, 20 August 2010 18:56
Specters of birth defect and inherited disease can throw a pall over the bright expectations of parent to be. The process of genetic counseling, along with new ways of determining whether a fetus is likely to be normal, has taken much of the mystery out of predicting pregnancy outcomes. Through genetic counseling a couple may be told if an inheritable disease or disorder is likely to be carried to an offspring or if high risk pregnancy may develop.
The medical procedures used for these determinations include removing a sample of fluid from the pregnant uterus, and examining pelvic structures and the developing fetus by insertion of special medical devices. Fetal abnormalities that may be identified or ruled out through prenatal testing and counseling include sickle cell anemia, Tay- Sachs disease, phenylketonuria (PKU), Down’s syndrome (mongolism, thalassemia, and neural tube defects such as spina bifida.
The Most Common Cause of Food Poisoning
Written by Doc Team Thursday, 05 August 2010 20:18
The most common cause of food poisoning is the toxin produced by certain strains of the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. The usual events, which begin 2 to 4 hours after ingestion of food, include nausea, severe vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhe, and prostration. But despite the violence of the acute attack, the symptoms usually subside after about 6 hours. Symptomatic treatment with replacement of fluids is generally all that is required. Inasmuch as staphylococcal food poisoning is actually caused by a toxin, many authorities refer to it as type of food intoxication.
The most common type of food poisoning caused by the organism per se (so-called food infection) is salmonellosis, a gastrointestinal infection involving dozens of species of Salmonella, the same group to which belong the pathogens of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Many of these species are natural pathogens of domestic animals, and thus meats, fish, milk, eggs and milk and egg products are the usual culprits.
Basic Knowledge About Renal Failure
Written by Doc Team Friday, 09 July 2010 20:39
Renal Failure is the inability of the kidneys to perform their normal excretory and regulatory function. The hallmark of the condition is uremia, which may be defined as the retention of urea and other metabolic wastes and the toxis efects produced thereby. These effects include nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, dimness of vision, coma, and convulsions.
There are a multitude of underlying causes of renal failure, including hemorrhage, poisoning, enlarge prostate, kidney stones, and inflammation of the glomeruli. If these are correctable, the outlook is good to excellent. The removal of kidney stones, for example, is clearly the answer to renal failure of this origin. When the cause is not correctable or when the limits of effectiveness of conventional therapy have been reached, long-term dialysis or transplantation must be considered.
The Adrenal Glands
Written by Doc Team Friday, 02 July 2010 19:38
The adrenal glands are small flattened bodies lying on the outer, upper extremity of each kidney. They consist of two distinct parts, the cortex and the medulla, each producing its own characteristic secretion.
The hormones produced by the medulla are epinephrine and norepinephrine. Stimuli causing the release of these substances include pain, cold, emotions, stress, hemorrhage, lack of oxygen, and low blood sugar. When secreted into the bloodstream, epinephrine causes marked changes in the circulatory system. The rate of heartbeat is quickened, blood pressure is increased, and sugar is released into the bloodstream from reserves in the liver.
The pupils dilate. Blood vessels of the skin, mucous membranes, and kidneys constrict, but other (coronary system, skeletal muscle ,and lungs) dilate. Digestion is inhibited. There is an increased flow of blood to the muscles. Muscle fatigue is delayed. Epinephrine has been termed the emergency hormone, since it brings into play the body processes on which self preservation depends. The effect of norepinephrine is limited to the constriction of blood vessels.
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