The Adrenal Glands
Written by Doc Team Friday, 02 July 2010 19:38
The adrenal glands are small flattened bodies lying on the outer, upper extremity of each kidney. They consist of two distinct parts, the cortex and the medulla, each producing its own characteristic secretion.
The hormones produced by the medulla are epinephrine and norepinephrine. Stimuli causing the release of these substances include pain, cold, emotions, stress, hemorrhage, lack of oxygen, and low blood sugar. When secreted into the bloodstream, epinephrine causes marked changes in the circulatory system. The rate of heartbeat is quickened, blood pressure is increased, and sugar is released into the bloodstream from reserves in the liver.
The pupils dilate. Blood vessels of the skin, mucous membranes, and kidneys constrict, but other (coronary system, skeletal muscle ,and lungs) dilate. Digestion is inhibited. There is an increased flow of blood to the muscles. Muscle fatigue is delayed. Epinephrine has been termed the emergency hormone, since it brings into play the body processes on which self preservation depends. The effect of norepinephrine is limited to the constriction of blood vessels.
The Urinary System - Structural Features
Written by Doc Team Tuesday, 15 June 2010 10:08
The urinary system is composed the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidney are bean shaped organs, weighing about 200 g ,embedded in the back abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral column; through the hillus (or opening in the concave side of each organ) pass the renal artery and vein, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and ureter.
Cut longitudinally the kidney discloses two regions (an outer cortex and an inner medulla) and a cavity, or renal pelvis, from which the ureter is an outlet. Leading off the pelvis are a number of cup shaped recesses (calices), each calix enclosing the apex, or papilla, of a triangulas structure called the pyramid, each pyramid is composed of collecting tubules that open at the papilla.
Do You Know About Public Attitudes
Written by Doc Team Thursday, 03 June 2010 08:55
Public attitudes are clearly influenced by the media and are susceptible to change as media attitudes change. The media of course constitute a disparate collection which include not merely television and radio but the cinema, advertising, newspapers, magazines, and pamphlets. In a review of mass media coverage of mental health issues, Philo et al.commented on the upsurge in the amount of research into public attitudes to mental illness which has been a feature of the past decade.
This increase in interest relates at least in part to the implementation of community care legislation and the recognition of the need to create a more positive social climate in which it is acceptable to seek help without fear of discrimination and stigmatization. Several studies provide information which cautiously suggests that public attitudes are changing for the better.
Pyelonephritis Due to Tuberculosis and Fungi
Written by Doc Team Monday, 31 May 2010 09:22
Infection of the kidney with Mycobacterium tuberculosis tends to produce chronic destructive lesions in the kidney. Characteristically there is marked distortion of the architecture of the pelvicaliceal system and an irregular configuration of the kidney. It is believed to be due to hematogenous spread of the organism during primary infection with reactivation of the disease many years later.
In the male, there is often concomitant infection of the bladder, prostate, epididymis and testicle. The first clinical manifestation of renal tuberculosis may be a nontender scrotal mass or obstruction at the ureteropelvic junction producing hydronephrosis. Tuberculosis often produces localized areas of ureteral inflammation and obstruction due to granuloma formation. In the female, infection may also be present in the fallopian tube. Symptoms are usually insidious with general abdominal discomfort and nonspecific geniturinary complaints. Most patients with renal involvement also have active pulmonary or disseminated tuberculosis, but renal tuberculosis may be discovered in the absense of disease elsewhere. The tuberculin test is reported to be possitive in 85% of cases.
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